請求各位英文能力強的大大幫忙翻譯...要交報告了 - 社會議題

Definitions are a critically important and deceptively difficult starting point for understanding what is meant by local and regional development. These are complex and intertwined with conceptions of what local and regional development is for and what it is designed to achieve (PIKE et al., 2006). Referring to conceptions of development, WILLIAMS (1983, p. 103) noted that very difficult and contentious political and economic issues have been widely obscured by the apparent simplicity of these terms. Local and regional development has historically been dominated by economic concerns such as growth, income and employment (ARMSTRONG and TAYLOR, 2000). Development can even be wholly equated with this relatively narrow focus upon local and regional conomic development (BEER et al., 2003, p. 5). For STORPER (1997), local and regional prosperity and wellbeing depends upon the sustained increases in employment, income and productivity integral to economic development.
Rooted in dissatisfaction with mainstream approaches and critiques of orthodox neo-classical economics in the 1960s and 1970s, ‘alternative’ approaches began to question the dominant economic focus of local and regional development on firms in a national and international economic context (GEDDES and NEWMAN, 1999). Taking a particular normative position, more local, even community-level (HAUGHTON, 1999; REESE, 1997), and socially-oriented approaches emerged as part of alternative economic strategies in the UK and USA, often challenging national frameworks through new institutions at the local and regional level, such as enterprise boards, sectoral development agencies and community associations, and contesting capital locally through promoting ‘restructuring for labour’ (COCHRANE, 1983; GOUGH and EISENSCHITZ, 1993; ZEITLIN, 1989; also BINGHAM and MEIR, 1993; FITZGERALD and GREEN LEIGH, 2002).