環境污染能殺人!世衛報告：每年害170萬童 - 生態環境討論

環境污染能殺人！ 世衛報告：每年害170萬童

建立於 2017/03/08 上稿編輯： 鄒敏惠
摘譯自2017年3月6日ENS瑞士，日內瓦報導；姜唯編譯；蔡麗伶審校

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根據世界衛生組織（WHO）發表的兩份最新報告，室內外空氣污染、二手菸、受污染的民
生用水和衛生設施缺乏等環境風險每年導致170萬五歲以下孩童死亡。

報告指出，年齡一個月以上五歲以下兒童死亡的最主要原因，包括腹瀉、瘧疾和肺炎，都
能透過改善環境、提供乾淨水源和乾淨的廚房燃料來避免。WHO秘書長陳馮富珍說：「環
境污染能殺人，對小孩來說尤其如此。孩子發育中的器官和免疫系統、較小的體型和呼吸
道，都讓他們特別容易受髒空氣和水的傷害。」

http://imgur.com/5dkGOM4.jpg
部分兒童死亡原因，可藉由提供乾淨水源來避免。圖片來源：Ground Report（CC BY-NC
2.0）

報告「傳承永續世界：兒童健康與環境輿圖」（Inheriting a Sustainable World:
Atlas on Children's Health and the Environment）指出，環境污染可能影響胎兒，增
加早產風險。室內外空氣污染和二手菸，會增加嬰兒和學齡前兒童罹患肺炎的機率，以及
終其一生罹患氣喘等慢性呼吸道疾病的機率。空氣污染也會增加心臟疾病、中風和癌症的
機率。

http://imgur.com/5I0blpj.jpg
感染呼吸道融合病毒（RSV）的孩童。圖片來源：Lance McCord（CC BY-NC-SA 2.0）

另一份報告「別污染我的未來：環境衝擊對兒童健康的影響」（Don't pollute my
future! The impact of the environment on children's health）詳細描述了各種污染
對兒童健康的影響規模，包括：

1. 每年57萬名五歲以下兒童死於室內外空氣污染和二手菸引起的呼吸道感染
2. 每年36萬1000名五歲以下兒童由於缺乏乾淨飲用水和衛生設施而死於腹瀉。
3. 每年27萬名未足月新生兒的死亡，包括早產，可以透過乾淨飲用水、改善衛生設施和
減少空氣污染來避免。
4. 每年20萬名五歲以下死於瘧疾的兒童，其死亡可透過減少病媒蚊繁殖地或飲用水儲藏
設備加蓋來避免。
5. 每年20萬名五歲以下兒童死於環境相關意外，包括中毒、跌倒或溺斃。

新興的環境污染，像是未被妥善回收的電子垃圾，可能讓孩童接觸到有毒物質，損害智力
、注意力、肺臟甚至致癌。而手機、電腦和螢幕等電子垃圾，預估將在2014至2018之間增
加19%，2018年將達到全球5千萬噸。

兒童經由食物、水、空氣和產品接觸到有毒化學物質，像是
氟化物、鉛汞農藥、有機污染物和其他存在製造商品中，透過各種管道進入食物鏈的化學
物質。

鉛會影響腦部發育，雖然含鉛汽油已經被大多數國家淘汰，但鉛仍大量存在油漆當中。

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Pollution Kills 1.7 Million Children a Year

GENEVA, Switzerland, March 6, 2017 (ENS)

Every year, environmental risks such as indoor and outdoor air pollution,
second-hand smoke, tainted water, lack of sanitation, and inadequate hygiene,
take the lives of 1.7 million children under five years of age, warn two new
reports from the World Health Organization.

One report, “Inheriting a Sustainable World: Atlas on Children’s Health and
the Environment,” finds that a large portion of the most common causes of
death among children aged one month to five years – diarrhea, malaria and
pneumonia – are preventable by reducing environmental risks, and providing
access to safe water and clean cooking fuels.

“A polluted environment is a deadly one – particularly for young children,”
says Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO director-general. “Their developing organs and
immune systems, and smaller bodies and airways, make them especially
vulnerable to dirty air and water.”

The top five causes of death in children under five years are linked to the
environment, says the World Health Organization, WHO.

Harmful exposures can start in the mother’s womb and increase the risk of
premature birth. Then, when infants and pre-schoolers are exposed to indoor
and outdoor air pollution and second-hand smoke they have an increased risk
of pneumonia in childhood, and a lifelong increased risk of chronic
respiratory diseases, such as asthma.

Exposure to air pollution also may increase their lifelong risk of heart
disease, stroke and cancer.

A companion report, “Don’t pollute my future! The impact of the environment
on children’s health,” provides a comprehensive overview of the environment
’s impact on children’s health, illustrating the scale of the challenge.

Every year:

* – 570,000 children under five years die from respiratory infections, such
as pneumonia, attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution, and
second-hand smoke.
* – 361,000 children under five years die due to diarrhea, as a result of
poor access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene.
* – 270,000 children die during their first month of life from conditions,
including prematurity, which could be prevented through access to clean
water, sanitation, and hygiene in health facilities as well as by reducing
air pollution.
* – 200,000 deaths of children under five years from malaria could be
prevented through environmental actions, such as reducing breeding sites of
mosquitoes or covering drinking-water storage.
* – 200,000 children under five years die from unintentional injuries
attributable to the environment, such as poisoning, falls, and drowning.

Emerging environmental hazards, such as electronic and electrical waste that
is improperly recycled, expose children to toxins that can lead to reduced
intelligence, attention deficits, lung damage, and cancer.

The generation of electronic and electrical waste, like old mobile phones,
computers and monitors, is forecast to increase by 19 percent between 2014
and 2018, reaching an estimated 50 million metric tonnes worldwide by 2018.

Children are exposed to harmful chemicals through food, water, air and
products around them. Chemicals, such as fluoride, lead and mercury
pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and other chemicals in
manufactured goods, eventually find their way into the food chain.

Lead affects brain development. While leaded petrol has been phased out
almost entirely in all countries, lead is still widespread in paints.

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來源網址: http://e-info.org.tw/node/203312

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